Security audit with Lynis

Lynis analyzes a Linux system and produces a hardening report, useful on any HolyCloud Linux VPS before production or after an incident. It does not replace a pentest, but provides a prioritized checklist.

Prerequisites

• HolyCloud VPS Ubuntu/Debian, root or sudo access
• HolyCloud snapshot recommended before mass changes suggested by the report
• 5 to 15 minutes runtime depending on system size

Step 1: Installation

Via repository or package:

sudo apt update
sudo apt install -y lynis
lynis show version

Upstream script install (recent version):

cd /tmp
curl -sL https://downloads.cisofy.com/lynis/lynis-3.0.9.tar.gz -o lynis.tar.gz
tar xzf lynis.tar.gz
cd lynis
sudo ./lynis audit system

Step 2: Full audit

sudo lynis audit system

Useful options:

sudo lynis audit system --quick
sudo lynis audit system --profile /etc/lynis/default.prf

The report appears at the end with a hardening index (score) and [ ] suggestions.

Step 3: Read the report

Detailed report:

sudo grep -E 'suggestion|warning' /var/log/lynis-report.dat | tail -30
less /var/log/lynis.log

Test summary:

sudo lynis show details
sudo lynis report

Important files:

| File | Content |

|---------|---------|

| /var/log/lynis.log | Execution log |

| /var/log/lynis-report.dat | Structured results |

Step 4: Common actions after Lynis (HolyCloud VPS)

SSH

Lynis often recommends:

sudo sed -i 's/^#*PermitRootLogin.*/PermitRootLogin no/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
sudo sed -i 's/^#*PasswordAuthentication.*/PasswordAuthentication no/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
sudo systemctl reload sshd

Keep an open SSH session and test a new connection before closing the old one.

Updates

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y
sudo apt install -y unattended-upgrades
sudo dpkg-reconfigure -plow unattended-upgrades

Firewall

sudo ufw default deny incoming
sudo ufw allow OpenSSH
sudo ufw allow 80/tcp
sudo ufw allow 443/tcp
sudo ufw enable

Fail2ban

sudo apt install -y fail2ban
sudo systemctl enable --now fail2ban

Permissions

sudo chmod 600 /etc/ssh/sshd_config
sudo find /home -maxdepth 2 -name '.ssh' -type d -exec chmod 700 {} \;
sudo find /home -path '*/.ssh/authorized_keys' -exec chmod 600 {} \;

Step 5: Scheduled audit

Weekly cron with email report (if mail is configured):

echo '0 4 * * 0 root /usr/sbin/lynis audit system --cronjob > /var/log/lynis-weekly.log 2>&1' | sudo tee /etc/cron.d/lynis-audit

Compare score over time:

sudo grep hardening_index /var/log/lynis.log

Step 6: Interpretation on a VPS

Some Lynis recommendations target physical servers (GRUB, reserved sectors) — ignore or adapt on a HolyCloud VPS. Prioritize: SSH, updates, firewall, accounts, unused services.

Services to disable if unused:

sudo systemctl list-unit-files --state=enabled | grep -E 'bluetooth|cups'
sudo systemctl disable --now cups 2>/dev/null || true

Verification

sudo lynis audit system --quick
sudo lynis show details SSH-7408

HolyCloud support

• Low score despite hardening: rerun after fixes; some points require reboot
• SSH lockout: use VNC/KVM console HolyCloud if available in the customer area
• HolyCloud support: lynis.log excerpt (no sensitive data), OS version, exposed services (ports 80/443/22)